Użyte biblioteki

library(dplyr)
library(plotly)
library(ggplot2)
library(readxl)
library(tidyr)

Gold Prices

Wczytywanie i czyszczenie danych:

  • nadanie właściwych typów danych,
  • pozostawienie do dalszych rozważań jedynie ceny w walucie USD,
  • zmiana nazw kolumn dla AM and PM fixing,
Gold.prices <- read.csv("C:/Users/alili/Desktop/studia/9 semestr/ZED/projekt/Data pack/Gold prices.csv", 
                        colClasses = c(rep("Date", 1),
                                       rep("numeric", 2),
                                       rep("NULL", 4)),
                        col.names = c('Date',
                                      'Morning.Fix.USD',
                                      'Afternoon.Fix.USD',
                                      rep("NULL", 4)),
                        header = TRUE)
  • uzupełnijnie brakujących wartości (NA) w kolumnach z ceną otwarcia i zamknięcia, wartością z sąsiedniej kolumny (w całym zbiorze nie ma sytuacji gdzie brakują obydwie)
Gold.prices <- Gold.prices %>% 
  mutate(Morning.Fix.USD = coalesce(Morning.Fix.USD, Afternoon.Fix.USD)) %>%
  mutate(Afternoon.Fix.USD = coalesce(Afternoon.Fix.USD, Morning.Fix.USD)) 

Podsumowanie danych:

Zbiór zawiera codzienne wyceny złota podczas sesji otwarcia i zamknięcia od dnia 1968-01-02 do 2021-09-29.

head(Gold.prices)
##         Date Morning.Fix.USD Afternoon.Fix.USD
## 1 2021-09-29         1741.65           1737.15
## 2 2021-09-28         1739.65           1733.75
## 3 2021-09-27         1749.15           1755.30
## 4 2021-09-24         1755.15           1746.80
## 5 2021-09-23         1771.05           1750.00
## 6 2021-09-22         1775.35           1773.40
nrow(Gold.prices)
## [1] 13585
summary(Gold.prices)
##       Date            Morning.Fix.USD   Afternoon.Fix.USD
##  Min.   :1968-01-02   Min.   :  34.77   Min.   :  34.75  
##  1st Qu.:1981-06-10   1st Qu.: 280.50   1st Qu.: 280.30  
##  Median :1994-11-14   Median : 383.30   Median : 383.45  
##  Mean   :1994-11-16   Mean   : 575.17   Mean   : 574.98  
##  3rd Qu.:2008-04-23   3rd Qu.: 841.75   3rd Qu.: 838.25  
##  Max.   :2021-09-29   Max.   :2061.50   Max.   :2067.15

Analiza wartości ceny złota

Na wykresie widzimy zmianę cen otwarcia w czasie.

ggplot(Gold.prices, aes(x = Date)) +
  geom_point(aes(y = Morning.Fix.USD), color = "yellow")


World development indicators

Wczytywanie zbioru danych

World_Development_Indicators <- read_excel("C:/Users/alili/Desktop/studia/9 semestr/ZED/projekt/Data pack/World_Development_Indicators.xlsx", 
                                           na = '..', 
                                           range = "A1:BC44305")

unique(World_Development_Indicators$`Country Name`)
##   [1] "Afghanistan"                    "Albania"                       
##   [3] "Algeria"                        "American Samoa"                
##   [5] "Andorra"                        "Angola"                        
##   [7] "Antigua and Barbuda"            "Argentina"                     
##   [9] "Armenia"                        "Aruba"                         
##  [11] "Australia"                      "Austria"                       
##  [13] "Azerbaijan"                     "Bahamas, The"                  
##  [15] "Bahrain"                        "Bangladesh"                    
##  [17] "Barbados"                       "Belarus"                       
##  [19] "Belgium"                        "Belize"                        
##  [21] "Benin"                          "Bermuda"                       
##  [23] "Bhutan"                         "Bolivia"                       
##  [25] "Brazil"                         "British Virgin Islands"        
##  [27] "Bulgaria"                       "Burundi"                       
##  [29] "Cambodia"                       "Cameroon"                      
##  [31] "Canada"                         "Cayman Islands"                
##  [33] "Central African Republic"       "Chad"                          
##  [35] "Channel Islands"                "Chile"                         
##  [37] "China"                          "Colombia"                      
##  [39] "Comoros"                        "Congo, Dem. Rep."              
##  [41] "Congo, Rep."                    "Costa Rica"                    
##  [43] "Croatia"                        "Cuba"                          
##  [45] "Curacao"                        "Cyprus"                        
##  [47] "Czech Republic"                 "Denmark"                       
##  [49] "Djibouti"                       "Dominica"                      
##  [51] "Dominican Republic"             "Ecuador"                       
##  [53] "Egypt, Arab Rep."               "El Salvador"                   
##  [55] "Equatorial Guinea"              "Eritrea"                       
##  [57] "Estonia"                        "Eswatini"                      
##  [59] "Ethiopia"                       "Faroe Islands"                 
##  [61] "Fiji"                           "Finland"                       
##  [63] "France"                         "French Polynesia"              
##  [65] "Gabon"                          "Gambia, The"                   
##  [67] "Georgia"                        "Germany"                       
##  [69] "Ghana"                          "Gibraltar"                     
##  [71] "Greece"                         "Greenland"                     
##  [73] "Grenada"                        "Guam"                          
##  [75] "Guatemala"                      "Guinea"                        
##  [77] "Guinea-Bissau"                  "Guyana"                        
##  [79] "Haiti"                          "Honduras"                      
##  [81] "Hong Kong SAR, China"           "Hungary"                       
##  [83] "Iceland"                        "India"                         
##  [85] "Indonesia"                      "Iran, Islamic Rep."            
##  [87] "Iraq"                           "Ireland"                       
##  [89] "Isle of Man"                    "Israel"                        
##  [91] "Italy"                          "Jamaica"                       
##  [93] "Japan"                          "Jordan"                        
##  [95] "Kazakhstan"                     "Kenya"                         
##  [97] "Kiribati"                       "Korea, Dem. People's Rep."     
##  [99] "Korea, Rep."                    "Kosovo"                        
## [101] "Kuwait"                         "Kyrgyz Republic"               
## [103] "Lao PDR"                        "Latvia"                        
## [105] "Lebanon"                        "Lesotho"                       
## [107] "Liberia"                        "Libya"                         
## [109] "Liechtenstein"                  "Lithuania"                     
## [111] "Luxembourg"                     "Macao SAR, China"              
## [113] "Madagascar"                     "Malawi"                        
## [115] "Malaysia"                       "Maldives"                      
## [117] "Mali"                           "Malta"                         
## [119] "Marshall Islands"               "Mauritania"                    
## [121] "Mauritius"                      "Mexico"                        
## [123] "Micronesia, Fed. Sts."          "Moldova"                       
## [125] "Monaco"                         "Mongolia"                      
## [127] "Montenegro"                     "Morocco"                       
## [129] "Mozambique"                     "Myanmar"                       
## [131] "Namibia"                        "Nepal"                         
## [133] "Netherlands"                    "New Caledonia"                 
## [135] "New Zealand"                    "Nicaragua"                     
## [137] "Niger"                          "Nigeria"                       
## [139] "North Macedonia"                "Norway"                        
## [141] "Oman"                           "Pakistan"                      
## [143] "Panama"                         "Papua New Guinea"              
## [145] "Paraguay"                       "Peru"                          
## [147] "Philippines"                    "Poland"                        
## [149] "Portugal"                       "Puerto Rico"                   
## [151] "Qatar"                          "Romania"                       
## [153] "Russian Federation"             "Rwanda"                        
## [155] "San Marino"                     "Sao Tome and Principe"         
## [157] "Saudi Arabia"                   "Senegal"                       
## [159] "Serbia"                         "Seychelles"                    
## [161] "Sierra Leone"                   "Singapore"                     
## [163] "Sint Maarten (Dutch part)"      "Slovak Republic"               
## [165] "Slovenia"                       "Solomon Islands"               
## [167] "South Africa"                   "South Sudan"                   
## [169] "Spain"                          "St. Vincent and the Grenadines"
## [171] "Sudan"                          "Suriname"                      
## [173] "Sweden"                         "Switzerland"                   
## [175] "Syrian Arab Republic"           "Tajikistan"                    
## [177] "Tanzania"                       "Thailand"                      
## [179] "Togo"                           "Tonga"                         
## [181] "Trinidad and Tobago"            "Tunisia"                       
## [183] "Turkey"                         "Turks and Caicos Islands"      
## [185] "Tuvalu"                         "Uganda"                        
## [187] "Ukraine"                        "United Arab Emirates"          
## [189] "United Kingdom"                 "United States"                 
## [191] "Uruguay"                        "Uzbekistan"                    
## [193] "Vanuatu"                        "Venezuela, RB"                 
## [195] "Vietnam"                        "Virgin Islands (U.S.)"         
## [197] "West Bank and Gaza"             "Yemen, Rep."                   
## [199] "Zambia"                         "Zimbabwe"                      
## [201] "Low & middle income"            "Low income"                    
## [203] "Lower middle income"            "Middle income"                 
## [205] "Bosnia and Herzegovina"         "World"                         
## [207] "Upper middle income"            "High income"

Czyszczenie zbioru:

  • usunięcie elementów innych niż kraje z kolumny Country Name, pozostawienie całego swiata w zbiorze krajów,
World_Development_Indicators <- World_Development_Indicators %>%
  filter(!`Country Name` %in% c("Low & middle income","Low income","Lower middle income","Middle income","Upper middle income","High income"))
  • wyodrębnienie kodów serii do osobnej tabeli oraz usunięcie jej z przetwarzanego zbioru,
  • przeniesienie zmiennych do osobnych kolumn,
World_Development_Indicators.Series_Codes <- select(World_Development_Indicators, `Series Name`, `Series Code`)
World_Development_Indicators <- select(World_Development_Indicators, -`Series Code`)
  • przeniesienie pojedyńczych obserwacji do osobnych wierszy
World_Development_Indicators <- World_Development_Indicators %>%
  pivot_longer(cols = `1970 [YR1970]`:`2020 [YR2020]`, names_to = "Year") %>%
  group_by(`Series Name`) %>%
  mutate(row = row_number()) %>%
  tidyr::pivot_wider(names_from = `Series Name`, values_from = value) %>%
  select(-row)
  • poprawa kolumny Year: wyodrębnienie lat jako numerycznych wartości
World_Development_Indicators <- World_Development_Indicators %>%
  mutate(Year = as.numeric(substr(Year, 1, 4)))
  • pozostawiam 100 atrybutów, które mają najwięcej danych (najmniej wartości pustych) - nie jest to idealny sposób, ponieważ część państw może nie podawać w ogóle danych na różne wskaźniki,
World_Development_Indicators %>%
  select(-(1:3)) %>%
  summarise_all(funs(sum(is.na(.)))) %>%
  t %>%
  data.frame() %>%
  top_n(-100)
## Warning: `funs()` was deprecated in dplyr 0.8.0.
## Please use a list of either functions or lambdas: 
## 
##   # Simple named list: 
##   list(mean = mean, median = median)
## 
##   # Auto named with `tibble::lst()`: 
##   tibble::lst(mean, median)
## 
##   # Using lambdas
##   list(~ mean(., trim = .2), ~ median(., na.rm = TRUE))
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was generated.
## Selecting by .
##                                                                                                                                      .
## Urban population growth (annual %)                                                                                                  85
## Urban population (% of total population)                                                                                            60
## Urban population                                                                                                                    83
## Transport services (% of commercial service exports)                                                                              3999
## Transport services (% of commercial service imports)                                                                              3847
## Trade in services (% of GDP)                                                                                                      3997
## Trade (% of GDP)                                                                                                                  2919
## Total natural resources rents (% of GDP)                                                                                          2003
## Total greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent)                                                                             1544
## Taxes less subsidies on products (current US$)                                                                                    3810
## Taxes less subsidies on products (current LCU)                                                                                    3766
## Taxes less subsidies on products (constant LCU)                                                                                   4550
## Survival to age 65, female (% of cohort)                                                                                          1102
## Survival to age 65, male (% of cohort)                                                                                            1102
## Services, value added (% of GDP)                                                                                                  3756
## Service imports (BoP, current US$)                                                                                                3756
## Service exports (BoP, current US$)                                                                                                3754
## Secondary education, pupils                                                                                                       3883
## Rural population growth (annual %)                                                                                                 462
## Rural population (% of total population)                                                                                            60
## Rural population                                                                                                                    83
## Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption)                                                                4626
## Pupil-teacher ratio, primary                                                                                                      4616
## Primary income payments (BoP, current US$)                                                                                        3774
## Primary income receipts (BoP, current US$)                                                                                        3780
## Primary school starting age (years)                                                                                                527
## Portfolio investment, net (BoP, current US$)                                                                                      4130
## Portfolio equity, net inflows (BoP, current US$)                                                                                  4578
## Population, total                                                                                                                   32
## Population, male                                                                                                                   950
## Population, male (% of total population)                                                                                           927
## Population, female (% of total population)                                                                                         927
## Population, female                                                                                                                 950
## Population in urban agglomerations of more than 1 million                                                                         4284
## Population in the largest city (% of urban population)                                                                            2726
## Population in largest city                                                                                                        2754
## Population growth (annual %)                                                                                                        35
## Population density (people per sq. km of land area)                                                                                139
## Population ages 65 and above (% of total population)                                                                               927
## Population ages 15-64 (% of total population)                                                                                      927
## Population ages 0-14 (% of total population)                                                                                       927
## Number of under-five deaths                                                                                                       1968
## Nitrous oxide emissions (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent)                                                                  1342
## Nitrous oxide emissions in energy sector (% of total)                                                                             3198
## Net primary income (Net income from abroad) (current US$)                                                                         2685
## Net primary income (Net income from abroad) (current LCU)                                                                         2646
## Net primary income (BoP, current US$)                                                                                             3799
## Net official development assistance received (current US$)                                                                        3733
## Net domestic credit (current LCU)                                                                                                 3316
## Natural gas rents (% of GDP)                                                                                                      2643
## Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)                                                                                    1692
## Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent)                                                                                          1362
## Methane emissions in energy sector (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent)                                                       1100
## Merchandise exports to high-income economies (% of total merchandise exports)                                                     2222
## Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP)                                                                                             3792
## Life expectancy at birth, total (years)                                                                                           1016
## Land area (sq. km)                                                                                                                 116
## Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)                                                                                             3331
## Individuals using the Internet (% of population)                                                                                  4659
## Imports of goods and services (current US$)                                                                                       2898
## Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)                                                                                          2918
## Gross savings (% of GDP)                                                                                                          4799
## Gross national expenditure (% of GDP)                                                                                             3408
## Gross national expenditure (current US$)                                                                                          3343
## Gross domestic savings (% of GDP)                                                                                                 3264
## Gross domestic savings (current US$)                                                                                              3298
## Goods exports (BoP, current US$)                                                                                                  3758
## Goods imports (BoP, current US$)                                                                                                  3755
## GDP per capita (current US$)                                                                                                      1859
## GDP per capita growth (annual %)                                                                                                  2102
## GDP growth (annual %)                                                                                                             2099
## GDP (current US$)                                                                                                                 1856
## Fuel exports (% of merchandise exports)                                                                                           4550
## Fuel imports (% of merchandise imports)                                                                                           4168
## Food exports (% of merchandise exports)                                                                                           4188
## Food imports (% of merchandise imports)                                                                                           4160
## Exports of goods and services (current US$)                                                                                       2899
## Exports of goods and services (annual % growth)                                                                                   4261
## Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric (kWh)                                                      4693
## Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric (% of total)                                               4696
## Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources (% of total)                                                                4696
## Electricity production from coal sources (% of total)                                                                             4696
## Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total)                                                                    4696
## Electricity production from natural gas sources (% of total)                                                                      4696
## Electricity production from nuclear sources (% of total)                                                                          4798
## Consumer price index (2010 = 100)                                                                                                 3271
## CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (% of total)                                                                            2459
## CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (kt)                                                                                    2088
## CO2 emissions from transport (% of total fuel combustion)                                                                         4801
## CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion)                          4801
## CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion) 4801
## CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries and construction (% of total fuel combustion)                                         4801
## CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (kt)                                                                                   2088
## CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (% of total)                                                                           2459
## CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (kt)                                                                                  2088
## CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (% of total)                                                                          2459
## CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total (% of total fuel combustion)                                            4801
## CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)                                                                                            1985
## CO2 emissions (kt)                                                                                                                1982
## CO2 emissions (kg per 2010 US$ of GDP)                                                                                            3072
## Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people)                                                                                               809

Podsumowanie danych:

Zbiór zawiera pierdyliard wskaźników - trzeba wybrać potrzebne.

ncol(World_Development_Indicators)
## [1] 216
nrow(World_Development_Indicators)
## [1] 10302
summary(World_Development_Indicators)
##  Country Name       Country Code            Year     
##  Length:10302       Length:10302       Min.   :1970  
##  Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:1982  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :1995  
##                                        Mean   :1995  
##                                        3rd Qu.:2008  
##                                        Max.   :2020  
##                                                      
##  Urban population growth (annual %) Urban population (% of total population)
##  Min.   :-187.142                   Min.   :  2.845                         
##  1st Qu.:   1.014                   1st Qu.: 33.745                         
##  Median :   2.316                   Median : 53.649                         
##  Mean   :   2.639                   Mean   : 54.128                         
##  3rd Qu.:   3.968                   3rd Qu.: 74.151                         
##  Max.   :  48.936                   Max.   :100.000                         
##  NA's   :85                         NA's   :60                              
##  Value lost due to electrical outages (% of sales for affected firms)
##  Min.   : 0.000                                                      
##  1st Qu.: 1.100                                                      
##  Median : 2.500                                                      
##  Mean   : 4.324                                                      
##  3rd Qu.: 5.600                                                      
##  Max.   :33.800                                                      
##  NA's   :10019                                                       
##  Urban population    Urban land area (sq. km)
##  Min.   :1.267e+03   Min.   :      0         
##  1st Qu.:3.135e+05   1st Qu.:    541         
##  Median :2.215e+06   Median :   2956         
##  Mean   :2.634e+07   Mean   :  43069         
##  3rd Qu.:8.152e+06   3rd Qu.:  12130         
##  Max.   :4.352e+09   Max.   :3629312         
##  NA's   :83          NA's   :9798            
##  Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national estimate)
##  Min.   : 0.05                                                   
##  1st Qu.: 4.00                                                   
##  Median : 6.68                                                   
##  Mean   : 8.10                                                   
##  3rd Qu.:10.47                                                   
##  Max.   :57.00                                                   
##  NA's   :5973                                                    
##  Unemployment with advanced education (% of total labor force with advanced education)
##  Min.   : 0.050                                                                       
##  1st Qu.: 3.035                                                                       
##  Median : 4.520                                                                       
##  Mean   : 6.309                                                                       
##  3rd Qu.: 7.275                                                                       
##  Max.   :46.030                                                                       
##  NA's   :8567                                                                         
##  Transport services (% of commercial service exports)
##  Min.   :-381.37                                     
##  1st Qu.:  12.46                                     
##  Median :  23.33                                     
##  Mean   :  26.83                                     
##  3rd Qu.:  37.29                                     
##  Max.   : 100.00                                     
##  NA's   :3999                                        
##  Transport services (% of commercial service imports)
##  Min.   : 0.292                                      
##  1st Qu.:27.934                                      
##  Median :40.914                                      
##  Mean   :41.534                                      
##  3rd Qu.:54.181                                      
##  Max.   :98.467                                      
##  NA's   :3847                                        
##  Trained teachers in upper secondary education (% of total teachers)
##  Min.   : 12.98                                                     
##  1st Qu.: 66.89                                                     
##  Median : 88.01                                                     
##  Mean   : 79.80                                                     
##  3rd Qu.:100.00                                                     
##  Max.   :100.00                                                     
##  NA's   :9747                                                       
##  Trained teachers in secondary education (% of total teachers)
##  Min.   :  9.005                                              
##  1st Qu.: 66.770                                              
##  Median : 87.707                                              
##  Mean   : 80.315                                              
##  3rd Qu.: 98.906                                              
##  Max.   :100.000                                              
##  NA's   :9528                                                 
##  Trained teachers in primary education (% of total teachers)
##  Min.   :  0.00                                             
##  1st Qu.: 73.66                                             
##  Median : 91.51                                             
##  Mean   : 84.43                                             
##  3rd Qu.: 99.67                                             
##  Max.   :100.00                                             
##  NA's   :9032                                               
##  Trademark applications, direct nonresident Trade in services (% of GDP)
##  Min.   :      8                            Min.   :  1.165             
##  1st Qu.:   1326                            1st Qu.:  9.496             
##  Median :   3470                            Median : 15.622             
##  Mean   :  11581                            Mean   : 23.012             
##  3rd Qu.:   7484                            3rd Qu.: 26.437             
##  Max.   :1026624                            Max.   :304.276             
##  NA's   :6194                               NA's   :3997                
##  Trade (% of GDP)  Trademark applications, direct resident
##  Min.   :  0.021   Min.   :      1                        
##  1st Qu.: 46.296   1st Qu.:    350                        
##  Median : 69.847   Median :   2156                        
##  Mean   : 81.212   Mean   :  31043                        
##  3rd Qu.:100.470   3rd Qu.:   9860                        
##  Max.   :860.800   Max.   :3958768                        
##  NA's   :2919      NA's   :6225                           
##  Trademark applications, total Total natural resources rents (% of GDP)
##  Min.   :      1               Min.   : 0.0000                         
##  1st Qu.:   1957               1st Qu.: 0.1986                         
##  Median :   5834               Median : 1.8426                         
##  Mean   :  42397               Mean   : 6.4860                         
##  3rd Qu.:  18224               3rd Qu.: 8.0490                         
##  Max.   :4960737               Max.   :87.5074                         
##  NA's   :5966                  NA's   :2003                            
##  Total greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent)
##  Min.   :       1                                     
##  1st Qu.:    7088                                     
##  Median :   30490                                     
##  Mean   :  385108                                     
##  3rd Qu.:  101018                                     
##  Max.   :45873850                                     
##  NA's   :1544                                         
##  Total greenhouse gas emissions (% change from 1990)
##  Min.   : -83.525                                   
##  1st Qu.:  -9.041                                   
##  Median :  10.107                                   
##  Mean   :  43.814                                   
##  3rd Qu.:  49.047                                   
##  Max.   :2519.020                                   
##  NA's   :6588                                       
##  Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)
##  Min.   : 0.003                                                                                      
##  1st Qu.: 2.217                                                                                      
##  Median : 5.685                                                                                      
##  Mean   : 6.160                                                                                      
##  3rd Qu.: 9.528                                                                                      
##  Max.   :20.500                                                                                      
##  NA's   :9438                                                                                        
##  Time required to build a warehouse (days)
##  Min.   : 27.0                            
##  1st Qu.:119.0                            
##  Median :164.0                            
##  Mean   :179.5                            
##  3rd Qu.:219.0                            
##  Max.   :714.0                            
##  NA's   :7812                             
##  Time required to enforce a contract (days)
##  Min.   : 120.0                            
##  1st Qu.: 449.0                            
##  Median : 566.0                            
##  Mean   : 633.6                            
##  3rd Qu.: 725.0                            
##  Max.   :1785.0                            
##  NA's   :7509                              
##  Time required to get electricity (days)
##  Min.   :  7.00                         
##  1st Qu.: 59.00                         
##  Median : 82.52                         
##  Mean   : 99.22                         
##  3rd Qu.:117.00                         
##  Max.   :602.00                         
##  NA's   :8417                           
##  Taxes on goods and services (current LCU)
##  Min.   :0.000e+00                        
##  1st Qu.:1.841e+09                        
##  Median :2.003e+10                        
##  Mean   :2.775e+12                        
##  3rd Qu.:1.388e+11                        
##  Max.   :7.045e+14                        
##  NA's   :6494                             
##  Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of revenue)
##  Min.   :-1.351                                           
##  1st Qu.:14.024                                           
##  Median :20.807                                           
##  Mean   :23.336                                           
##  3rd Qu.:30.997                                           
##  Max.   :78.013                                           
##  NA's   :6496                                             
##  Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of total taxes)
##  Min.   : -4.469                                              
##  1st Qu.: 23.620                                              
##  Median : 34.511                                              
##  Mean   : 35.585                                              
##  3rd Qu.: 45.979                                              
##  Max.   :130.540                                              
##  NA's   :6468                                                 
##  Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (current LCU)
##  Min.   :-3.514e+11                                      
##  1st Qu.: 9.422e+08                                      
##  Median : 1.390e+10                                      
##  Mean   : 3.076e+12                                      
##  3rd Qu.: 1.196e+11                                      
##  Max.   : 7.723e+14                                      
##  NA's   :6462                                            
##  Taxes on international trade (% of revenue)
##  Min.   :-15.842                            
##  1st Qu.:  0.885                            
##  Median :  4.434                            
##  Mean   :  8.808                            
##  3rd Qu.: 13.020                            
##  Max.   : 64.660                            
##  NA's   :6496                               
##  Taxes on international trade (current LCU)
##  Min.   :-2.969e+11                        
##  1st Qu.: 4.573e+07                        
##  Median : 9.817e+08                        
##  Mean   : 4.031e+11                        
##  3rd Qu.: 1.422e+10                        
##  Max.   : 6.255e+13                        
##  NA's   :6458                              
##  Taxes on goods and services (% value added of industry and services)
##  Min.   : 0.034                                                      
##  1st Qu.: 6.314                                                      
##  Median :10.142                                                      
##  Mean   :10.294                                                      
##  3rd Qu.:13.692                                                      
##  Max.   :40.005                                                      
##  NA's   :7127                                                        
##  Taxes on goods and services (% of revenue) Taxes on exports (current LCU)
##  Min.   : 0.00                              Min.   :-4.049e+11            
##  1st Qu.:22.64                              1st Qu.: 0.000e+00            
##  Median :31.18                              Median : 0.000e+00            
##  Mean   :30.33                              Mean   : 5.077e+10            
##  3rd Qu.:38.43                              3rd Qu.: 9.500e+06            
##  Max.   :91.29                              Max.   : 2.886e+13            
##  NA's   :6528                               NA's   :6569                  
##  Taxes on exports (% of tax revenue)
##  Min.   :-25.224                    
##  1st Qu.:  0.000                    
##  Median :  0.000                    
##  Mean   :  1.074                    
##  3rd Qu.:  0.060                    
##  Max.   : 51.677                    
##  NA's   :6582                       
##  Taxes less subsidies on products (current US$)
##  Min.   :-1.444e+10                            
##  1st Qu.: 1.769e+08                            
##  Median : 9.781e+08                            
##  Mean   : 1.486e+10                            
##  3rd Qu.: 6.071e+09                            
##  Max.   : 7.741e+11                            
##  NA's   :3810                                  
##  Taxes less subsidies on products (current LCU)
##  Min.   :-1.255e+14                            
##  1st Qu.: 4.764e+08                            
##  Median : 7.882e+09                            
##  Mean   : 2.774e+12                            
##  3rd Qu.: 1.007e+11                            
##  Max.   : 6.511e+14                            
##  NA's   :3766                                  
##  Taxes less subsidies on products (constant LCU) Tax revenue (current LCU)
##  Min.   :-9.832e+13                              Min.   :0.000e+00        
##  1st Qu.: 2.163e+09                              1st Qu.:3.618e+09        
##  Median : 2.837e+10                              Median :4.233e+10        
##  Mean   : 2.973e+12                              Mean   :6.441e+12        
##  3rd Qu.: 2.456e+11                              3rd Qu.:3.092e+11        
##  Max.   : 4.503e+14                              Max.   :1.544e+15        
##  NA's   :4550                                    NA's   :6431             
##  Tax revenue (% of GDP) Tax payments (number)
##  Min.   : 0.043         Min.   :  3.00       
##  1st Qu.:12.039         1st Qu.: 11.00       
##  Median :16.496         Median : 28.00       
##  Mean   :17.043         Mean   : 28.18       
##  3rd Qu.:21.802         3rd Qu.: 40.00       
##  Max.   :62.503         Max.   :147.00       
##  NA's   :6485           NA's   :7774         
##  Survival to age 65, female (% of cohort)
##  Min.   : 6.464                          
##  1st Qu.:60.498                          
##  Median :77.243                          
##  Mean   :71.857                          
##  3rd Qu.:84.646                          
##  Max.   :96.093                          
##  NA's   :1102                            
##  Survival to age 65, male (% of cohort)
##  Min.   : 1.477                        
##  1st Qu.:51.721                        
##  Median :64.546                        
##  Mean   :62.272                        
##  3rd Qu.:74.024                        
##  Max.   :92.978                        
##  NA's   :1102                          
##  Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)
##  Min.   : 0.0                                   
##  1st Qu.: 4.9                                   
##  Median : 8.1                                   
##  Mean   :10.6                                   
##  3rd Qu.:13.1                                   
##  Max.   :92.6                                   
##  NA's   :6842                                   
##  Suicide mortality rate, female (per 100,000 female population)
##  Min.   : 0.000                                                
##  1st Qu.: 2.300                                                
##  Median : 4.000                                                
##  Mean   : 5.081                                                
##  3rd Qu.: 6.700                                                
##  Max.   :39.500                                                
##  NA's   :6842                                                  
##  Suicide mortality rate, male (per 100,000 male population)
##  Min.   :  0.0                                             
##  1st Qu.:  7.0                                             
##  Median : 11.8                                             
##  Mean   : 16.3                                             
##  3rd Qu.: 20.0                                             
##  Max.   :147.8                                             
##  NA's   :6842                                              
##  Stocks traded, turnover ratio of domestic shares (%)
##  Min.   :   0.002                                    
##  1st Qu.:   7.418                                    
##  Median :  25.806                                    
##  Mean   :  45.832                                    
##  3rd Qu.:  59.387                                    
##  Max.   :1721.544                                    
##  NA's   :8095                                        
##  Stocks traded, total value (current US$) Stocks traded, total value (% of GDP)
##  Min.   :2.000e+04                        Min.   :  0.000                      
##  1st Qu.:5.064e+08                        1st Qu.:  1.417                      
##  Median :9.853e+09                        Median :  7.136                      
##  Mean   :1.083e+12                        Mean   : 28.793                      
##  3rd Qu.:1.085e+11                        3rd Qu.: 31.136                      
##  Max.   :1.012e+14                        Max.   :952.667                      
##  NA's   :7688                             NA's   :7721                         
##  Strength of legal rights index (0=weak to 12=strong)
##  Min.   : 0.000                                      
##  1st Qu.: 2.000                                      
##  Median : 6.000                                      
##  Mean   : 5.197                                      
##  3rd Qu.: 7.000                                      
##  Max.   :12.000                                      
##  NA's   :9054                                        
##  Short-term debt (% of total reserves)
##  Min.   :     0.0                     
##  1st Qu.:    13.7                     
##  Median :    38.8                     
##  Mean   :   852.2                     
##  3rd Qu.:    98.4                     
##  Max.   :527646.8                     
##  NA's   :6221                         
##  Short-term debt (% of total external debt)
##  Min.   : 0.000                            
##  1st Qu.: 3.104                            
##  Median : 8.757                            
##  Mean   :11.681                            
##  3rd Qu.:15.972                            
##  Max.   :88.983                            
##  NA's   :5452                              
##  Short-term debt (% of exports of goods, services and primary income)
##  Min.   :   0.000                                                    
##  1st Qu.:   5.966                                                    
##  Median :  16.397                                                    
##  Mean   :  33.322                                                    
##  3rd Qu.:  30.898                                                    
##  Max.   :4343.890                                                    
##  NA's   :6510                                                        
##  Share of youth not in education, employment or training, female (% of female youth population)
##  Min.   : 0.10                                                                                 
##  1st Qu.:11.43                                                                                 
##  Median :18.62                                                                                 
##  Mean   :21.24                                                                                 
##  3rd Qu.:29.37                                                                                 
##  Max.   :79.11                                                                                 
##  NA's   :8896                                                                                  
##  Share of youth not in education, employment or training, male (% of male youth population)
##  Min.   : 0.13                                                                             
##  1st Qu.: 8.42                                                                             
##  Median :12.12                                                                             
##  Mean   :13.50                                                                             
##  3rd Qu.:16.34                                                                             
##  Max.   :86.79                                                                             
##  NA's   :8897                                                                              
##  Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)
##  Min.   : 0.06                                                                         
##  1st Qu.:10.35                                                                         
##  Median :16.54                                                                         
##  Mean   :17.23                                                                         
##  3rd Qu.:22.09                                                                         
##  Max.   :68.56                                                                         
##  NA's   :8877                                                                          
##  Services, value added (% of GDP) Service imports (BoP, current US$)
##  Min.   :10.86                    Min.   :9.128e+05                 
##  1st Qu.:42.44                    1st Qu.:2.966e+08                 
##  Median :51.71                    Median :1.213e+09                 
##  Mean   :51.33                    Mean   :2.893e+10                 
##  3rd Qu.:59.88                    3rd Qu.:6.776e+09                 
##  Max.   :96.20                    Max.   :5.885e+12                 
##  NA's   :3756                     NA's   :3756                      
##  Service exports (BoP, current US$)
##  Min.   :0.000e+00                 
##  1st Qu.:1.846e+08                 
##  Median :1.115e+09                 
##  Mean   :3.008e+10                 
##  3rd Qu.:6.608e+09                 
##  Max.   :6.246e+12                 
##  NA's   :3754                      
##  Self-employed, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
##  Min.   : 0.39                                                    
##  1st Qu.:19.56                                                    
##  Median :36.82                                                    
##  Mean   :42.13                                                    
##  3rd Qu.:61.79                                                    
##  Max.   :98.93                                                    
##  NA's   :5169                                                     
##  Self-employed, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
##  Min.   : 0.41                                                      
##  1st Qu.:16.65                                                      
##  Median :37.29                                                      
##  Mean   :42.92                                                      
##  3rd Qu.:66.51                                                      
##  Max.   :98.96                                                      
##  NA's   :5169                                                       
##  Self-employed, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
##  Min.   : 0.07                                                        
##  1st Qu.:12.70                                                        
##  Median :38.20                                                        
##  Mean   :43.90                                                        
##  3rd Qu.:76.02                                                        
##  Max.   :99.38                                                        
##  NA's   :5169                                                         
##  Secure Internet servers Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people)
##  Min.   :       0        Min.   :     0.0                              
##  1st Qu.:      45        1st Qu.:    10.4                              
##  Median :     386        Median :   127.4                              
##  Mean   :  219514        Mean   :  5174.5                              
##  3rd Qu.:    5751        3rd Qu.:  1302.0                              
##  Max.   :89189073        Max.   :741078.8                              
##  NA's   :8138            NA's   :8130                                  
##  Secondary education, teachers Secondary education, pupils
##  Min.   :       0              Min.   :        0          
##  1st Qu.:    3546              1st Qu.:    66665          
##  Median :   24832              Median :   393889          
##  Mean   :  412550              Mean   :  5470751          
##  3rd Qu.:   89980              3rd Qu.:  1346140          
##  Max.   :36500000              Max.   :601000000          
##  NA's   :5880                  NA's   :3883               
##  Scientific and technical journal articles
##  Min.   :      0.0                        
##  1st Qu.:     26.1                        
##  Median :    218.8                        
##  Mean   :  19508.7                        
##  3rd Qu.:   3422.9                        
##  Max.   :2554373.4                        
##  NA's   :6806                             
##  School enrollment, tertiary (gross), gender parity index (GPI)
##  Min.   :0.000                                                 
##  1st Qu.:0.561                                                 
##  Median :0.974                                                 
##  Mean   :0.894                                                 
##  3rd Qu.:1.222                                                 
##  Max.   :1.872                                                 
##  NA's   :5770                                                  
##  S&P Global Equity Indices (annual % change) Rural population growth (annual %)
##  Min.   :-84.230                             Min.   :-235.7924                 
##  1st Qu.:-12.683                             1st Qu.:  -0.4782                 
##  Median :  6.099                             Median :   0.6548                 
##  Mean   :  9.323                             Mean   :   0.4497                 
##  3rd Qu.: 26.520                             3rd Qu.:   1.8431                 
##  Max.   :912.281                             Max.   :  29.6283                 
##  NA's   :8340                                NA's   :462                       
##  Rural population (% of total population) Rural population   
##  Min.   : 0.00                            Min.   :0.000e+00  
##  1st Qu.:25.85                            1st Qu.:2.389e+05  
##  Median :46.35                            Median :2.110e+06  
##  Mean   :45.87                            Mean   :3.006e+07  
##  3rd Qu.:66.26                            3rd Qu.:8.174e+06  
##  Max.   :97.16                            Max.   :3.399e+09  
##  NA's   :60                               NA's   :83         
##  Researchers in R&D (per million people)
##  Min.   :   5.912                       
##  1st Qu.: 391.073                       
##  Median :1410.885                       
##  Mean   :2002.508                       
##  3rd Qu.:3224.432                       
##  Max.   :8065.887                       
##  NA's   :8807                           
##  Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)
##  Min.   :0.005                                  
##  1st Qu.:0.243                                  
##  Median :0.583                                  
##  Mean   :0.943                                  
##  3rd Qu.:1.328                                  
##  Max.   :4.953                                  
##  NA's   :8369                                   
##  Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption)
##  Min.   : 0.000                                                    
##  1st Qu.: 3.605                                                    
##  Median :18.205                                                    
##  Mean   :30.269                                                    
##  3rd Qu.:52.168                                                    
##  Max.   :98.343                                                    
##  NA's   :4626                                                      
##  Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (cubic meters)
##  Min.   :       0                                                 
##  1st Qu.:    1291                                                 
##  Median :    3551                                                 
##  Mean   :   37707                                                 
##  3rd Qu.:   19525                                                 
##  Max.   :10662187                                                 
##  NA's   :8698                                                     
##  Renewable internal freshwater resources, total (billion cubic meters)
##  Min.   :    0.00                                                     
##  1st Qu.:    6.16                                                     
##  Median :   39.00                                                     
##  Mean   :  507.47                                                     
##  3rd Qu.:  170.00                                                     
##  Max.   :43392.16                                                     
##  NA's   :8693                                                         
##  Renewable electricity output (% of total electricity output)
##  Min.   :  0.000                                             
##  1st Qu.:  0.067                                             
##  Median : 13.981                                             
##  Mean   : 30.019                                             
##  3rd Qu.: 56.922                                             
##  Max.   :100.000                                             
##  NA's   :5046                                                
##  Real interest rate (%) Pupil-teacher ratio, upper secondary
##  Min.   :-97.693        Min.   :  3.71                      
##  1st Qu.:  1.931        1st Qu.: 10.38                      
##  Median :  5.722        Median : 14.09                      
##  Mean   :  5.830        Mean   : 15.66                      
##  3rd Qu.: 10.109        3rd Qu.: 18.65                      
##  Max.   :628.320        Max.   :322.15                      
##  NA's   :6397           NA's   :8562                        
##  Pupil-teacher ratio, tertiary Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary
##  Min.   :  0.791               Min.   : 4.979                
##  1st Qu.:  9.800               1st Qu.:12.390                
##  Median : 13.467               Median :16.724                
##  Mean   : 15.085               Mean   :18.153                
##  3rd Qu.: 18.538               3rd Qu.:22.019                
##  Max.   :147.560               Max.   :80.052                
##  NA's   :6650                  NA's   :6146                  
##  Pupil-teacher ratio, primary Pupil-teacher ratio, preprimary
##  Min.   :  5.226              Min.   :  3.23                 
##  1st Qu.: 18.017              1st Qu.: 14.37                 
##  Median : 25.326              Median : 20.06                 
##  Mean   : 28.065              Mean   : 21.07                 
##  3rd Qu.: 35.371              3rd Qu.: 26.06                 
##  Max.   :100.236              Max.   :113.97                 
##  NA's   :4616                 NA's   :6138                   
##  Rail lines (total route-km) Railways, goods transported (million ton-km)
##  Min.   :   100              Min.   :      0.7                           
##  1st Qu.:  1209              1st Qu.:   1010.0                           
##  Median :  3122              Median :   4242.0                           
##  Mean   : 10318              Mean   : 105186.3                           
##  3rd Qu.:  7950              3rd Qu.:  17494.5                           
##  Max.   :203875              Max.   :2946579.0                           
##  NA's   :8356                NA's   :8318                                
##  Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)
##  Min.   :      0.0                                  
##  1st Qu.:    369.2                                  
##  Median :   2264.0                                  
##  Mean   :  34233.8                                  
##  3rd Qu.:  12571.2                                  
##  Max.   :1345690.0                                  
##  NA's   :8420                                       
##  Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)
##  Min.   : 0.000                                               
##  1st Qu.: 9.062                                               
##  Median :15.833                                               
##  Mean   :17.540                                               
##  3rd Qu.:24.379                                               
##  Max.   :63.750                                               
##  NA's   :6239                                                 
##  Primary income payments (BoP, current US$)
##  Min.   :-2.187e+08                        
##  1st Qu.: 9.432e+07                        
##  Median : 5.825e+08                        
##  Mean   : 2.426e+10                        
##  3rd Qu.: 4.312e+09                        
##  Max.   : 4.859e+12                        
##  NA's   :3774                              
##  Primary income receipts (BoP, current US$) Primary school starting age (years)
##  Min.   :-5.061e+07                         Min.   :4.000                      
##  1st Qu.: 2.571e+07                         1st Qu.:6.000                      
##  Median : 2.018e+08                         Median :6.000                      
##  Mean   : 2.345e+10                         Mean   :6.154                      
##  3rd Qu.: 2.003e+09                         3rd Qu.:7.000                      
##  Max.   : 4.790e+12                         Max.   :8.000                      
##  NA's   :3780                               NA's   :527                        
##  Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)
##  Min.   : 2.50                                   
##  1st Qu.: 2.50                                   
##  Median : 6.10                                   
##  Mean   :10.75                                   
##  3rd Qu.:14.80                                   
##  Max.   :67.50                                   
##  NA's   :7414                                    
##  Portfolio investment, net (BoP, current US$)
##  Min.   :-8.080e+11                          
##  1st Qu.:-1.077e+08                          
##  Median : 0.000e+00                          
##  Mean   :-1.817e+09                          
##  3rd Qu.: 2.950e+07                          
##  Max.   : 2.827e+11                          
##  NA's   :4130                                
##  Portfolio investment, bonds (PPG + PNG) (NFL, current US$)
##  Min.   :-2.310e+10                                        
##  1st Qu.:-5.924e+06                                        
##  Median : 0.000e+00                                        
##  Mean   : 1.340e+09                                        
##  3rd Qu.: 7.044e+08                                        
##  Max.   : 1.053e+11                                        
##  NA's   :8635                                              
##  Portfolio equity, net inflows (BoP, current US$) Population, total  
##  Min.   :-2.441e+11                               Min.   :5.740e+03  
##  1st Qu.: 0.000e+00                               1st Qu.:7.370e+05  
##  Median : 0.000e+00                               Median :4.950e+06  
##  Mean   : 5.275e+09                               Mean   :5.614e+07  
##  3rd Qu.: 5.329e+07                               3rd Qu.:1.644e+07  
##  Max.   : 1.258e+12                               Max.   :7.753e+09  
##  NA's   :4578                                     NA's   :32         
##  Population, male    Population, male (% of total population)
##  Min.   :2.528e+04   Min.   :44.37                           
##  1st Qu.:8.912e+05   1st Qu.:48.91                           
##  Median :3.004e+06   Median :49.64                           
##  Mean   :3.102e+07   Mean   :49.91                           
##  3rd Qu.:9.703e+06   3rd Qu.:50.35                           
##  Max.   :3.907e+09   Max.   :76.71                           
##  NA's   :950         NA's   :927                             
##  Population, female (% of total population) Population, female 
##  Min.   :23.29                              Min.   :2.586e+04  
##  1st Qu.:49.65                              1st Qu.:8.528e+05  
##  Median :50.36                              Median :3.016e+06  
##  Mean   :50.09                              Mean   :3.060e+07  
##  3rd Qu.:51.09                              3rd Qu.:9.736e+06  
##  Max.   :55.63                              Max.   :3.843e+09  
##  NA's   :927                                NA's   :950        
##  Population living in slums (% of urban population)
##  Min.   : 0.001                                    
##  1st Qu.:24.250                                    
##  Median :45.300                                    
##  Mean   :44.571                                    
##  3rd Qu.:65.100                                    
##  Max.   :98.900                                    
##  NA's   :9712                                      
##  Population in urban agglomerations of more than 1 million
##  Min.   :    34329                                        
##  1st Qu.:  1078178                                        
##  Median :  1999004                                        
##  Mean   :  9328817                                        
##  3rd Qu.:  6761455                                        
##  Max.   :409712858                                        
##  NA's   :4284                                             
##  Population in the largest city (% of urban population)
##  Min.   :  2.867                                       
##  1st Qu.: 21.375                                       
##  Median : 31.554                                       
##  Mean   : 34.404                                       
##  3rd Qu.: 43.659                                       
##  Max.   :100.000                                       
##  NA's   :2726                                          
##  Population in largest city Population growth (annual %)
##  Min.   :   18587           Min.   :-10.9551            
##  1st Qu.:  610060           1st Qu.:  0.5863            
##  Median : 1287166           Median :  1.5433            
##  Mean   : 2947763           Mean   :  1.6665            
##  3rd Qu.: 2996023           3rd Qu.:  2.5963            
##  Max.   :37468302           Max.   : 17.6334            
##  NA's   :2754               NA's   :35                  
##  Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
##  Min.   :    0.136                                  
##  1st Qu.:   22.751                                  
##  Median :   71.788                                  
##  Mean   :  363.860                                  
##  3rd Qu.:  168.119                                  
##  Max.   :21388.600                                  
##  NA's   :139                                        
##  Population ages 65 and above (% of total population)
##  Min.   : 0.6856                                     
##  1st Qu.: 3.2222                                     
##  Median : 4.7001                                     
##  Mean   : 6.8462                                     
##  3rd Qu.: 9.9492                                     
##  Max.   :28.3973                                     
##  NA's   :927                                         
##  Population ages 15-64 (% of total population)
##  Min.   :45.45                                
##  1st Qu.:53.38                                
##  Median :60.60                                
##  Mean   :60.05                                
##  3rd Qu.:66.12                                
##  Max.   :86.40                                
##  NA's   :927                                  
##  Population ages 0-14 (% of total population)
##  Min.   :11.05                               
##  1st Qu.:23.30                               
##  Median :34.25                               
##  Mean   :33.10                               
##  3rd Qu.:43.27                               
##  Max.   :51.57                               
##  NA's   :927                                 
##  PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)
##  Min.   :  5.861                                                       
##  1st Qu.: 15.456                                                       
##  Median : 23.896                                                       
##  Mean   : 28.533                                                       
##  3rd Qu.: 36.401                                                       
##  Max.   :100.784                                                       
##  NA's   :8106                                                          
##  PM2.5 air pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO guideline value (% of total)
##  Min.   :  0.00                                                                              
##  1st Qu.: 99.96                                                                              
##  Median :100.00                                                                              
##  Mean   : 92.84                                                                              
##  3rd Qu.:100.00                                                                              
##  Max.   :100.00                                                                              
##  NA's   :8106                                                                                
##  PM2.5 pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 value (% of total)
##  Min.   :  0.000                                                                                
##  1st Qu.:  0.000                                                                                
##  Median :  0.052                                                                                
##  Mean   : 26.004                                                                                
##  3rd Qu.: 48.113                                                                                
##  Max.   :100.000                                                                                
##  NA's   :8118                                                                                   
##  PM2.5 pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO Interim Target-2 value (% of total)
##  Min.   :  0.00                                                                                 
##  1st Qu.:  0.00                                                                                 
##  Median : 33.52                                                                                 
##  Mean   : 46.30                                                                                 
##  3rd Qu.: 99.95                                                                                 
##  Max.   :100.00                                                                                 
##  NA's   :8118                                                                                   
##  PM2.5 pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO Interim Target-3 value (% of total)
##  Min.   :  0.00                                                                                 
##  1st Qu.: 52.73                                                                                 
##  Median : 99.95                                                                                 
##  Mean   : 74.56                                                                                 
##  3rd Qu.:100.00                                                                                 
##  Max.   :100.00                                                                                 
##  NA's   :8118                                                                                   
##  Part time employment, total (% of total employment)
##  Min.   : 0.14                                      
##  1st Qu.:18.99                                      
##  Median :26.75                                      
##  Mean   :27.89                                      
##  3rd Qu.:36.58                                      
##  Max.   :96.31                                      
##  NA's   :8623                                       
##  Patent applications, nonresidents Patent applications, residents
##  Min.   :     1.0                  Min.   :      1               
##  1st Qu.:    51.0                  1st Qu.:     30               
##  Median :   291.5                  Median :    219               
##  Mean   :  9643.4                  Mean   :  20738               
##  3rd Qu.:  2427.8                  3rd Qu.:   1601               
##  Max.   :885152.0                  Max.   :2294881               
##  NA's   :6478                      NA's   :6745                  
##  Number of under-five deaths Nitrous oxide emissions (% change from 1990)
##  Min.   :       0            Min.   :-100.000                            
##  1st Qu.:     644            1st Qu.: -15.587                            
##  Median :    5148            Median :   2.461                            
##  Mean   :   92240            Mean   :  17.437                            
##  3rd Qu.:   38260            3rd Qu.:  23.063                            
##  Max.   :12493789            Max.   :2509.806                            
##  NA's   :1968                NA's   :6100                                
##  Nitrous oxide emissions (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent)
##  Min.   :      0                                                 
##  1st Qu.:    510                                                 
##  Median :   3250                                                 
##  Mean   :  28168                                                 
##  3rd Qu.:  10902                                                 
##  Max.   :2986520                                                 
##  NA's   :1342                                                    
##  Nitrous oxide emissions in energy sector (% of total)
##  Min.   :  0.000                                      
##  1st Qu.:  2.626                                      
##  Median :  5.619                                      
##  Mean   :  8.906                                      
##  3rd Qu.:  9.961                                      
##  Max.   :192.227                                      
##  NA's   :3198                                         
##  Net primary income (Net income from abroad) (current US$)
##  Min.   :-9.905e+10                                       
##  1st Qu.:-1.014e+09                                       
##  Median :-1.190e+08                                       
##  Mean   :-4.071e+08                                       
##  3rd Qu.: 0.000e+00                                       
##  Max.   : 2.923e+11                                       
##  NA's   :2685                                             
##  Net primary income (Net income from abroad) (current LCU)
##  Min.   :-4.813e+14                                       
##  1st Qu.:-1.152e+10                                       
##  Median :-4.527e+08                                       
##  Mean   :-9.054e+11                                       
##  3rd Qu.: 0.000e+00                                       
##  Max.   : 1.051e+14                                       
##  NA's   :2646                                             
##  Net primary income (Net income from abroad) (constant LCU)
##  Min.   :-2.540e+12                                        
##  1st Qu.:-1.247e+10                                        
##  Median :-9.250e+08                                        
##  Mean   :-2.844e+10                                        
##  3rd Qu.: 6.740e+09                                        
##  Max.   : 2.849e+11                                        
##  NA's   :9436                                              
##  Net primary income (BoP, current US$)
##  Min.   :-1.052e+11                   
##  1st Qu.:-1.296e+09                   
##  Median :-1.701e+08                   
##  Mean   :-4.647e+08                   
##  3rd Qu.:-3.929e+06                   
##  Max.   : 2.578e+11                   
##  NA's   :3799                         
##  Net official development assistance received (current US$)
##  Min.   :-9.899e+08                                        
##  1st Qu.: 2.867e+07                                        
##  Median : 1.227e+08                                        
##  Mean   : 8.948e+08                                        
##  3rd Qu.: 3.999e+08                                        
##  Max.   : 1.678e+11                                        
##  NA's   :3733                                              
##  Net official aid received (current US$) Net domestic credit (current LCU)
##  Min.   :-461600006                      Min.   :-5.424e+13               
##  1st Qu.:   6070000                      1st Qu.: 2.546e+09               
##  Median :  97704998                      Median : 4.899e+10               
##  Mean   : 508139023                      Mean   : 4.199e+13               
##  3rd Qu.: 347005013                      3rd Qu.: 6.330e+11               
##  Max.   :8320969727                      Max.   : 1.021e+16               
##  NA's   :9974                            NA's   :3316                     
##  Net acquisition of financial assets (% of GDP) Natural gas rents (% of GDP)
##  Min.   :-24.587                                Min.   : 0.0000             
##  1st Qu.:  0.000                                1st Qu.: 0.0000             
##  Median :  0.452                                Median : 0.0000             
##  Mean   :  1.665                                Mean   : 0.2621             
##  3rd Qu.:  2.103                                3rd Qu.: 0.0713             
##  Max.   : 55.409                                Max.   :22.4135             
##  NA's   :8066                                   NA's   :2643                
##  Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)
##  Min.   :  1.50                                
##  1st Qu.: 12.70                                
##  Median : 31.00                                
##  Mean   : 44.97                                
##  3rd Qu.: 67.08                                
##  Max.   :219.30                                
##  NA's   :1692                                  
##  Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)
##  Min.   : 0.00                                                   
##  1st Qu.:10.80                                                   
##  Median :16.70                                                   
##  Mean   :17.89                                                   
##  3rd Qu.:24.90                                                   
##  Max.   :64.60                                                   
##  NA's   :6834                                                    
##  Methane emissions (% change from 1990)
##  Min.   :-100.000                      
##  1st Qu.:  -5.452                      
##  Median :   8.072                      
##  Mean   :  23.534                      
##  3rd Qu.:  28.563                      
##  Max.   :2414.776                      
##  NA's   :6122                          
##  Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent)
##  Min.   :      0                         
##  1st Qu.:   1666                         
##  Median :   7393                         
##  Mean   :  73004                         
##  3rd Qu.:  26412                         
##  Max.   :8174420                         
##  NA's   :1362                            
##  Methane emissions in energy sector (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent)
##  Min.   :      0                                                            
##  1st Qu.:    140                                                            
##  Median :    906                                                            
##  Mean   :  24158                                                            
##  3rd Qu.:   5226                                                            
##  Max.   :3187680                                                            
##  NA's   :1100                                                               
##  Merchandise exports to high-income economies (% of total merchandise exports)
##  Min.   :  0.0074                                                             
##  1st Qu.: 56.1305                                                             
##  Median : 72.8578                                                             
##  Mean   : 67.9252                                                             
##  3rd Qu.: 84.5693                                                             
##  Max.   :100.0000                                                             
##  NA's   :2222                                                                 
##  Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP)
##  Min.   : 0.000                       
##  1st Qu.: 7.858                       
##  Median :12.675                       
##  Mean   :13.239                       
##  3rd Qu.:17.559                       
##  Max.   :50.037                       
##  NA's   :3792                         
##  Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
##  Min.   :  9.434                                           
##  1st Qu.: 71.497                                           
##  Median : 89.635                                           
##  Mean   : 81.162                                           
##  3rd Qu.: 95.906                                           
##  Max.   : 99.998                                           
##  NA's   :9369                                              
##  Life expectancy at birth, total (years) Lending interest rate (%)
##  Min.   :18.91                           Min.   :    0.00         
##  1st Qu.:59.23                           1st Qu.:    8.35         
##  Median :69.03                           Median :   12.17         
##  Mean   :66.18                           Mean   :   42.45         
##  3rd Qu.:74.00                           3rd Qu.:   18.00         
##  Max.   :85.42                           Max.   :99764.53         
##  NA's   :1016                            NA's   :6244             
##  Land area (sq. km)  Labor force, total 
##  Min.   :        2   Min.   :3.120e+04  
##  1st Qu.:    13450   1st Qu.:1.036e+06  
##  Median :   100250   Median :3.335e+06  
##  Mean   :  1288346   Mean   :3.302e+07  
##  3rd Qu.:   472710   3rd Qu.:1.023e+07  
##  Max.   :129956634   Max.   :3.468e+09  
##  NA's   :116         NA's   :4818       
##  International tourism, expenditures (current US$)
##  Min.   :1.000e+05                                
##  1st Qu.:1.350e+08                                
##  Median :5.315e+08                                
##  Mean   :1.125e+10                                
##  3rd Qu.:3.358e+09                                
##  Max.   :1.550e+12                                
##  NA's   :6644                                     
##  International migrant stock (% of population) Interest payments (% of expense)
##  Min.   : 0.033                                Min.   : 0.000                  
##  1st Qu.: 1.338                                1st Qu.: 3.555                  
##  Median : 4.150                                Median : 7.147                  
##  Mean   :11.043                                Mean   : 8.892                  
##  3rd Qu.:12.445                                3rd Qu.:11.796                  
##  Max.   :88.404                                Max.   :63.985                  
##  NA's   :9116                                  NA's   :6682                    
##  Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)
##  Min.   :  -18.109                    
##  1st Qu.:    2.284                    
##  Median :    5.270                    
##  Mean   :   26.995                    
##  3rd Qu.:   11.003                    
##  Max.   :23773.132                    
##  NA's   :3331                         
##  Individuals using the Internet (% of population)
##  Min.   :  0.000                                 
##  1st Qu.:  0.137                                 
##  Median :  6.838                                 
##  Mean   : 23.099                                 
##  3rd Qu.: 41.497                                 
##  Max.   :100.000                                 
##  NA's   :4659                                    
##  Income share held by highest 10% Imports of goods and services (current US$)
##  Min.   :18.30                    Min.   :0.000e+00                          
##  1st Qu.:24.60                    1st Qu.:1.236e+09                          
##  Median :28.10                    Median :5.799e+09                          
##  Mean   :30.03                    Mean   :1.218e+11                          
##  3rd Qu.:34.30                    3rd Qu.:3.071e+10                          
##  Max.   :61.50                    Max.   :2.472e+13                          
##  NA's   :8603                     NA's   :2898                               
##  Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
##  Min.   :  0.00                          
##  1st Qu.: 25.17                          
##  Median : 36.40                          
##  Mean   : 43.40                          
##  3rd Qu.: 54.78                          
##  Max.   :427.58                          
##  NA's   :2918                            
##  ICT goods exports (% of total goods exports) Gross savings (% of GDP)
##  Min.   : 0.000                               Min.   :-236.27         
##  1st Qu.: 0.123                               1st Qu.:  14.67         
##  Median : 0.734                               Median :  20.60         
##  Mean   : 4.570                               Mean   :  20.88         
##  3rd Qu.: 4.146                               3rd Qu.:  26.69         
##  Max.   :63.636                               Max.   : 100.67         
##  NA's   :7388                                 NA's   :4799            
##  Gross national expenditure (% of GDP) Gross national expenditure (current US$)
##  Min.   : 21.21                        Min.   :1.805e+07                       
##  1st Qu.: 97.72                        1st Qu.:4.042e+09                       
##  Median :102.99                        Median :1.886e+10                       
##  Mean   :104.58                        Mean   :4.958e+11                       
##  3rd Qu.:110.27                        3rd Qu.:1.088e+11                       
##  Max.   :261.43                        Max.   :8.715e+13                       
##  NA's   :3408                          NA's   :3343                            
##  Gross savings (current US$) Gross domestic savings (% of GDP)
##  Min.   :-2.601e+10          Min.   :-141.97                  
##  1st Qu.: 6.971e+08          1st Qu.:  10.54                  
##  Median : 4.393e+09          Median :  20.32                  
##  Mean   : 7.262e+10          Mean   :  18.91                  
##  3rd Qu.: 3.228e+10          3rd Qu.:  27.55                  
##  Max.   : 6.257e+12          Max.   :  88.39                  
##  NA's   :4816                NA's   :3264                     
##  Gross domestic savings (current US$)
##  Min.   :-7.622e+09                  
##  1st Qu.: 3.501e+08                  
##  Median : 3.108e+09                  
##  Mean   : 1.253e+11                  
##  3rd Qu.: 2.839e+10                  
##  Max.   : 2.348e+13                  
##  NA's   :3298                        
##  Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)
##  Min.   : 0.000                                       
##  1st Qu.: 3.045                                       
##  Median : 4.242                                       
##  Mean   : 4.336                                       
##  3rd Qu.: 5.392                                       
##  Max.   :44.334                                       
##  NA's   :6604                                         
##  Goods exports (BoP, current US$) Goods imports (BoP, current US$)
##  Min.   :1.991e+05                Min.   :5.153e+06               
##  1st Qu.:5.457e+08                1st Qu.:9.326e+08               
##  Median :3.357e+09                Median :4.710e+09               
##  Mean   :1.057e+11                Mean   :1.050e+11               
##  3rd Qu.:2.484e+10                3rd Qu.:2.545e+10               
##  Max.   :1.926e+13                Max.   :1.901e+13               
##  NA's   :3758                     NA's   :3755                    
##  GNI growth (annual %) GDP per capita (current US$)
##  Min.   :-50.143       Min.   :    22.8            
##  1st Qu.:  1.219       1st Qu.:   748.9            
##  Median :  3.546       Median :  2611.4            
##  Mean   :  3.435       Mean   :  9977.6            
##  3rd Qu.:  5.986       3rd Qu.: 10385.6            
##  Max.   : 44.264       Max.   :190512.7            
##  NA's   :5259          NA's   :1859                
##  GDP per capita growth (annual %) GDP growth (annual %) GDP (current US$)  
##  Min.   :-64.992                  Min.   :-64.047       Min.   :8.824e+06  
##  1st Qu.: -0.417                  1st Qu.:  1.171       1st Qu.:2.199e+09  
##  Median :  1.998                  Median :  3.609       Median :1.113e+10  
##  Mean   :  1.773                  Mean   :  3.456       Mean   :4.252e+11  
##  3rd Qu.:  4.331                  3rd Qu.:  6.010       3rd Qu.:7.158e+10  
##  Max.   :140.367                  Max.   :149.973       Max.   :8.761e+13  
##  NA's   :2102                     NA's   :2099          NA's   :1856       
##  Fuel exports (% of merchandise exports)
##  Min.   :  0.000                        
##  1st Qu.:  0.469                        
##  Median :  3.150                        
##  Mean   : 15.994                        
##  3rd Qu.: 14.445                        
##  Max.   :359.256                        
##  NA's   :4550                           
##  Fuel imports (% of merchandise imports)
##  Min.   : 0.009                         
##  1st Qu.: 7.114                         
##  Median :12.086                         
##  Mean   :13.618                         
##  3rd Qu.:18.440                         
##  Max.   :94.057                         
##  NA's   :4168                           
##  Food exports (% of merchandise exports)
##  Min.   :  0.00                         
##  1st Qu.:  6.28                         
##  Median : 16.24                         
##  Mean   : 27.23                         
##  3rd Qu.: 42.85                         
##  Max.   :354.55                         
##  NA's   :4188                           
##  Food imports (% of merchandise imports) External debt stocks (% of GNI)
##  Min.   : 0.474                          Min.   :   0.00                
##  1st Qu.: 8.469                          1st Qu.:  26.38                
##  Median :12.737                          Median :  42.70                
##  Mean   :14.174                          Mean   :  59.52                
##  3rd Qu.:18.037                          3rd Qu.:  71.32                
##  Max.   :62.416                          Max.   :1233.10                
##  NA's   :4160                            NA's   :5894                   
##  Exports of goods and services (current US$)
##  Min.   :6.933e+05                          
##  1st Qu.:8.995e+08                          
##  Median :4.828e+09                          
##  Mean   :1.242e+11                          
##  3rd Qu.:3.171e+10                          
##  Max.   :2.525e+13                          
##  NA's   :2899                               
##  Exports of goods and services (annual % growth) Expense (% of GDP)
##  Min.   :   -96.4                                Min.   :  2.806   
##  1st Qu.:    -0.4                                1st Qu.: 17.421   
##  Median :     4.8                                Median : 25.755   
##  Mean   :   145.5                                Mean   : 26.779   
##  3rd Qu.:    10.7                                3rd Qu.: 34.399   
##  Max.   :844788.2                                Max.   :210.205   
##  NA's   :4261                                    NA's   :6700      
##  Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
##  Min.   : 0.28                                                        
##  1st Qu.:14.10                                                        
##  Median :20.32                                                        
##  Mean   :20.05                                                        
##  3rd Qu.:25.75                                                        
##  Max.   :59.58                                                        
##  NA's   :5169                                                         
##  Employment in services (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
##  Min.   : 5.34                                                        
##  1st Qu.:37.22                                                        
##  Median :52.06                                                        
##  Mean   :50.87                                                        
##  3rd Qu.:66.08                                                        
##  Max.   :89.94                                                        
##  NA's   :5169                                                         
##  Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
##  Min.   : 0.03                                                           
##  1st Qu.: 6.94                                                           
##  Median :23.27                                                           
##  Mean   :29.08                                                           
##  3rd Qu.:45.69                                                           
##  Max.   :92.37                                                           
##  NA's   :5169                                                            
##  Employers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
##  Min.   : 0.00                                                  
##  1st Qu.: 1.21                                                  
##  Median : 2.94                                                  
##  Mean   : 3.22                                                  
##  3rd Qu.: 4.63                                                  
##  Max.   :17.88                                                  
##  NA's   :5169                                                   
##  Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric (kWh)
##  Min.   :0.000e+00                                                           
##  1st Qu.:0.000e+00                                                           
##  Median :1.000e+06                                                           
##  Mean   :4.667e+09                                                           
##  3rd Qu.:4.470e+08                                                           
##  Max.   :1.645e+12                                                           
##  NA's   :4693                                                                
##  Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric (% of total)
##  Min.   : 0.000                                                                     
##  1st Qu.: 0.000                                                                     
##  Median : 0.006                                                                     
##  Mean   : 2.295                                                                     
##  3rd Qu.: 1.504                                                                     
##  Max.   :65.444                                                                     
##  NA's   :4696                                                                       
##  Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources (% of total)
##  Min.   :  0.00                                                    
##  1st Qu.: 29.76                                                    
##  Median : 65.25                                                    
##  Mean   : 59.24                                                    
##  3rd Qu.: 91.90                                                    
##  Max.   :100.00                                                    
##  NA's   :4696                                                      
##  Electricity production from coal sources (% of total)
##  Min.   : 0.000                                       
##  1st Qu.: 0.000                                       
##  Median : 0.097                                       
##  Mean   :16.312                                       
##  3rd Qu.:26.556                                       
##  Max.   :99.795                                       
##  NA's   :4696                                         
##  Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total)
##  Min.   :  0.000                                               
##  1st Qu.:  1.744                                               
##  Median : 18.114                                               
##  Mean   : 32.499                                               
##  3rd Qu.: 60.441                                               
##  Max.   :100.000                                               
##  NA's   :4696                                                  
##  Electricity production from natural gas sources (% of total)
##  Min.   :  0.000                                             
##  1st Qu.:  0.000                                             
##  Median :  2.252                                             
##  Mean   : 17.804                                             
##  3rd Qu.: 24.336                                             
##  Max.   :100.000                                             
##  NA's   :4696                                                
##  Electricity production from nuclear sources (% of total)
##  Min.   : 0.000                                          
##  1st Qu.: 0.000                                          
##  Median : 0.000                                          
##  Mean   : 4.915                                          
##  3rd Qu.: 0.000                                          
##  Max.   :87.986                                          
##  NA's   :4798                                            
##  Ease of doing business score (0 = lowest performance to 100 = best performance)
##  Min.   :20.93                                                                  
##  1st Qu.:52.47                                                                  
##  Median :61.51                                                                  
##  Mean   :61.81                                                                  
##  3rd Qu.:72.97                                                                  
##  Max.   :87.17                                                                  
##  NA's   :9410                                                                   
##  Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79) Deposit interest rate (%)
##  Min.   : 1.000                                      Min.   :    -0.38        
##  1st Qu.: 5.000                                      1st Qu.:     3.39        
##  Median : 6.700                                      Median :     6.22        
##  Mean   : 7.662                                      Mean   :    48.49        
##  3rd Qu.: 9.500                                      3rd Qu.:    10.30        
##  Max.   :30.500                                      Max.   :130591.97        
##  NA's   :9913                                        NA's   :6091             
##  Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)
##  Min.   :    4.335                                  
##  1st Qu.:   59.329                                  
##  Median :  245.041                                  
##  Mean   :  901.818                                  
##  3rd Qu.:  874.891                                  
##  Max.   :10623.850                                  
##  NA's   :6986                                       
##  Current health expenditure (% of GDP) Consumer price index (2010 = 100)
##  Min.   : 1.264                        Min.   :    0.00                 
##  1st Qu.: 4.273                        1st Qu.:   26.11                 
##  Median : 5.852                        Median :   67.41                 
##  Mean   : 6.287                        Mean   :   75.44                 
##  3rd Qu.: 7.981                        3rd Qu.:  100.00                 
##  Max.   :24.244                        Max.   :20422.89                 
##  NA's   :7005                          NA's   :3271                     
##  CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (% of total)
##  Min.   : -4.324                                       
##  1st Qu.:  0.000                                       
##  Median :  1.656                                       
##  Mean   : 14.418                                       
##  3rd Qu.: 22.106                                       
##  Max.   :216.648                                       
##  NA's   :2459                                          
##  CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (kt)
##  Min.   :    -114                              
##  1st Qu.:       0                              
##  Median :      61                              
##  Mean   :  105914                              
##  3rd Qu.:    6465                              
##  Max.   :15291329                              
##  NA's   :2088                                  
##  CO2 emissions from transport (% of total fuel combustion)
##  Min.   : 0.00                                            
##  1st Qu.:17.56                                            
##  Median :26.66                                            
##  Mean   :29.79                                            
##  3rd Qu.:37.88                                            
##  Max.   :96.97                                            
##  NA's   :4801                                             
##  CO2 intensity (kg per kg of oil equivalent energy use)
##  Min.   :  0.054                                       
##  1st Qu.:  1.552                                       
##  Median :  2.309                                       
##  Mean   :  2.333                                       
##  3rd Qu.:  2.868                                       
##  Max.   :103.158                                       
##  NA's   :4821                                          
##  CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion)
##  Min.   : 0.000                                                                                          
##  1st Qu.: 4.615                                                                                          
##  Median : 9.209                                                                                          
##  Mean   :10.777                                                                                          
##  3rd Qu.:15.089                                                                                          
##  Max.   :48.431                                                                                          
##  NA's   :4801                                                                                            
##  CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion)
##  Min.   :-2.326                                                                                                                   
##  1st Qu.: 0.309                                                                                                                   
##  Median : 2.370                                                                                                                   
##  Mean   : 4.817                                                                                                                   
##  3rd Qu.: 5.144                                                                                                                   
##  Max.   :86.957                                                                                                                   
##  NA's   :4801                                                                                                                     
##  CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries and construction (% of total fuel combustion)
##  Min.   : 0.00                                                                            
##  1st Qu.:12.22                                                                            
##  Median :18.11                                                                            
##  Mean   :19.79                                                                            
##  3rd Qu.:25.64                                                                            
##  Max.   :81.25                                                                            
##  NA's   :4801                                                                             
##  CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (kt)
##  Min.   :    -161                               
##  1st Qu.:     742                               
##  Median :    3685                               
##  Mean   :   99219                               
##  3rd Qu.:   27336                               
##  Max.   :10482498                               
##  NA's   :2088                                   
##  CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (% of total)
##  Min.   : -6.089                                        
##  1st Qu.: 45.379                                        
##  Median : 72.693                                        
##  Mean   : 68.205                                        
##  3rd Qu.: 94.688                                        
##  Max.   :258.524                                        
##  NA's   :2459                                           
##  CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (kt)
##  Min.   :   -147                                 
##  1st Qu.:      0                                 
##  Median :      0                                 
##  Mean   :  47748                                 
##  3rd Qu.:   7749                                 
##  Max.   :7056781                                 
##  NA's   :2088                                    
##  CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (% of total)
##  Min.   : -0.7295                                        
##  1st Qu.:  0.0000                                        
##  Median :  0.3014                                        
##  Mean   : 11.5693                                        
##  3rd Qu.: 16.7420                                        
##  Max.   :207.3675                                        
##  NA's   :2459                                            
##  CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total (% of total fuel combustion)
##  Min.   : 0.00                                                                         
##  1st Qu.:21.80                                                                         
##  Median :34.36                                                                         
##  Mean   :34.80                                                                         
##  3rd Qu.:47.13                                                                         
##  Max.   :90.38                                                                         
##  NA's   :4801                                                                          
##  CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) CO2 emissions (kt)
##  Min.   :  0.0000                       Min.   :       0  
##  1st Qu.:  0.4864                       1st Qu.:    1170  
##  Median :  2.0295                       Median :    8180  
##  Mean   :  4.7978                       Mean   :  272492  
##  3rd Qu.:  6.3255                       3rd Qu.:   56525  
##  Max.   :360.8532                       Max.   :34041046  
##  NA's   :1985                           NA's   :1982      
##  CO2 emissions (kg per PPP $ of GDP) CO2 emissions (kg per 2017 PPP $ of GDP)
##  Min.   :0.000                       Min.   :0.000                           
##  1st Qu.:0.157                       1st Qu.:0.128                           
##  Median :0.258                       Median :0.202                           
##  Mean   :0.333                       Mean   :0.256                           
##  3rd Qu.:0.387                       3rd Qu.:0.310                           
##  Max.   :2.524                       Max.   :1.969                           
##  NA's   :5483                        NA's   :5553                            
##  CO2 emissions (kg per 2010 US$ of GDP) Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people)
##  Min.   :0.0000                         Min.   : 5.90                       
##  1st Qu.:0.2383                         1st Qu.:15.00                       
##  Median :0.3716                         Median :24.00                       
##  Mean   :0.5284                         Mean   :26.40                       
##  3rd Qu.:0.6124                         3rd Qu.:37.34                       
##  Max.   :5.3510                         Max.   :56.95                       
##  NA's   :3072                           NA's   :809                         
##  Bank capital to assets ratio (%)
##  Min.   : 0.000                  
##  1st Qu.: 7.324                  
##  Median : 9.956                  
##  Mean   :10.215                  
##  3rd Qu.:12.357                  
##  Max.   :30.708                  
##  NA's   :8701                    
##  Average number of visits or required meetings with tax officials (for affected firms)
##  Min.   : 1.000                                                                       
##  1st Qu.: 1.800                                                                       
##  Median : 2.400                                                                       
##  Mean   : 2.799                                                                       
##  3rd Qu.: 3.300                                                                       
##  Max.   :18.800                                                                       
##  NA's   :10017                                                                        
##  Average precipitation in depth (mm per year)
##  Min.   :  18.1                              
##  1st Qu.: 591.0                              
##  Median :1071.0                              
##  Mean   :1195.8                              
##  3rd Qu.:1761.0                              
##  Max.   :3240.0                              
##  NA's   :8710                                
##  Automated teller machines (ATMs) (per 100,000 adults)
##  Min.   :  0.000                                      
##  1st Qu.:  8.556                                      
##  Median : 34.827                                      
##  Mean   : 45.224                                      
##  3rd Qu.: 61.576                                      
##  Max.   :324.172                                      
##  NA's   :7662                                         
##  Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)
##  Min.   :  1.522                                                                                                
##  1st Qu.: 27.880                                                                                                
##  Median : 50.398                                                                                                
##  Mean   : 54.462                                                                                                
##  3rd Qu.: 82.681                                                                                                
##  Max.   :100.000                                                                                                
##  NA's   :9886                                                                                                   
##  Access to electricity (% of population)
##  Min.   :  0.534                        
##  1st Qu.: 72.222                        
##  Median : 99.700                        
##  Mean   : 81.698                        
##  3rd Qu.:100.000                        
##  Max.   :100.000                        
##  NA's   :5084

S&P Composite

Wczytywanie danych

SP.Composite <- read.csv("C:/Users/alili/Desktop/studia/9 semestr/ZED/projekt/Data pack/S&P Composite.csv")

Czyszczenie danych:

  • zmiana nazwy oraz typ na właściwy kolumny z datą
  • zmiana nazwy Cyclicaly.Adjusted.PE.Ratio na skrót CAPE -
SP.Composite <- SP.Composite %>%
  rename(Date = Year,
         CAPE = Cyclically.Adjusted.PE.Ratio) %>%
  mutate(Date = as.Date(Date))

Znaczenie atrybutów:

  • S.P.Composite - nominalna wartość indexu,
  • Divident - nominalna dywidenta,
  • Earnings - nominalne zarobki na indeksie,
  • CPI - wskaźnik cen towarów i usług konsumpcyjnych. Najpopularniejsza na świecie miara inflacji/deflacji,
  • Long.Interest.Rate - stopy procentowe dziesięcioletnich obligacji rządowych,
  • Real.Price - realna wartość indexu,
  • Real.Divident - realna dywidenta,
  • Real.Earnings - realne zarobki na indeksie,
  • CAPE (Cyclicaly.Adjusted.PE.Ratio) - cyklicznie dostosowywany wskaźnik ceny do zysków. Definiuje się go jako cenę podzieloną przez średnią z dziesięciu lat zarobków, skorygowaną o inflację.
SP.Composite %>%
  ggplot(aes(x=Date)) +
  geom_point(aes(y = S.P.Composite), color = "blue") +
  geom_point(aes(y = Real.Price), color = "red") +
  geom_point(aes(y = CPI), color = "yellow") +
  ylim(0, 1000)
## Warning: Removed 261 rows containing missing values (geom_point).
## Warning: Removed 313 rows containing missing values (geom_point).

Podsumowanie danych

head(SP.Composite)
##         Date S.P.Composite Dividend Earnings      CPI Long.Interest.Rate
## 1 2021-10-31      3700.650       NA       NA 260.1097               0.93
## 2 2021-09-30      4493.280       NA       NA 273.9832               1.29
## 3 2021-08-31      4454.206       NA       NA 273.6565               1.28
## 4 2021-07-31      4363.713       NA       NA 273.0030               1.32
## 5 2021-06-30      4238.490 57.86504   158.74 271.6960               1.52
## 6 2021-05-31      4167.850 57.78782   148.56 269.1950               1.62
##   Real.Price Real.Dividend Real.Earnings     CAPE
## 1   3700.650            NA            NA 33.73946
## 2   4477.204            NA            NA 38.34228
## 3   4443.570            NA            NA 38.09043
## 4   4363.713            NA            NA 37.44349
## 5   4258.879      58.14340      159.5036 36.69631
## 6   4226.807      58.60528      150.6615 36.55215
ncol(SP.Composite)
## [1] 10
nrow(SP.Composite)
## [1] 1810
summary(SP.Composite)
##       Date            S.P.Composite         Dividend          Earnings       
##  Min.   :1871-01-31   Min.   :   2.730   Min.   : 0.1800   Min.   :  0.1600  
##  1st Qu.:1908-10-07   1st Qu.:   7.902   1st Qu.: 0.4202   1st Qu.:  0.5608  
##  Median :1946-06-15   Median :  17.370   Median : 0.8717   Median :  1.4625  
##  Mean   :1946-06-15   Mean   : 327.968   Mean   : 6.7321   Mean   : 15.3714  
##  3rd Qu.:1984-02-21   3rd Qu.: 164.400   3rd Qu.: 7.0525   3rd Qu.: 14.7258  
##  Max.   :2021-10-31   Max.   :4493.280   Max.   :59.6800   Max.   :158.7400  
##                                          NA's   :4         NA's   :4         
##       CPI         Long.Interest.Rate   Real.Price     Real.Dividend   
##  Min.   :  6.28   Min.   : 0.620     Min.   :  73.9   Min.   : 5.445  
##  1st Qu.: 10.20   1st Qu.: 3.171     1st Qu.: 186.6   1st Qu.: 9.417  
##  Median : 20.35   Median : 3.815     Median : 283.3   Median :14.411  
##  Mean   : 62.39   Mean   : 4.504     Mean   : 622.0   Mean   :17.498  
##  3rd Qu.:102.28   3rd Qu.: 5.139     3rd Qu.: 707.0   3rd Qu.:22.301  
##  Max.   :273.98   Max.   :15.320     Max.   :4477.2   Max.   :63.511  
##                                                       NA's   :4       
##  Real.Earnings          CAPE       
##  Min.   :  4.576   Min.   : 4.784  
##  1st Qu.: 14.063   1st Qu.:11.898  
##  Median : 23.524   Median :16.381  
##  Mean   : 34.907   Mean   :17.215  
##  3rd Qu.: 43.768   3rd Qu.:20.913  
##  Max.   :159.504   Max.   :44.198  
##  NA's   :4         NA's   :120

Currency Exchange Rates

Wczytywanie danych:

Currency.Exchange.Rates <- read.csv("C:/Users/alili/Desktop/studia/9 semestr/ZED/projekt/Data pack/CurrencyExchangeRates.csv")

Czyszczenie danych:

  • zmiana typu kolumny z datą
Currency.Exchange.Rates <- Currency.Exchange.Rates %>% 
  mutate(Date = as.Date(Date))

Podsumowanie danych:

Zbiór zawiera codzienne wyceny złota podczas sesji otwarcia i zamknięcia od dnia 1968-01-02 do 2021-09-29.

ncol(Currency.Exchange.Rates)
## [1] 52
nrow(Currency.Exchange.Rates)
## [1] 5978
summary(Currency.Exchange.Rates)
##       Date            Algerian.Dinar   Australian.Dollar Bahrain.Dinar  
##  Min.   :1995-01-02   Min.   : 71.29   Min.   :0.4833    Min.   :0.376  
##  1st Qu.:2000-10-05   1st Qu.: 77.50   1st Qu.:0.6654    1st Qu.:0.376  
##  Median :2006-07-06   Median : 81.28   Median :0.7595    Median :0.376  
##  Mean   :2006-07-27   Mean   : 90.59   Mean   :0.7683    Mean   :0.376  
##  3rd Qu.:2012-05-07   3rd Qu.:108.88   3rd Qu.:0.8689    3rd Qu.:0.376  
##  Max.   :2018-05-02   Max.   :115.58   Max.   :1.1055    Max.   :0.376  
##                       NA's   :4112     NA's   :263       NA's   :69     
##  Bolivar.Fuerte     Botswana.Pula    Brazilian.Real  Brunei.Dollar  
##  Min.   :    2.14   Min.   :0.0855   Min.   :0.832   Min.   :1.000  
##  1st Qu.:    2.59   1st Qu.:0.1197   1st Qu.:1.709   1st Qu.:1.348  
##  Median :    6.28   Median :0.1528   Median :2.048   Median :1.468  
##  Mean   :  835.09   Mean   :0.1965   Mean   :2.161   Mean   :1.508  
##  3rd Qu.:    6.28   3rd Qu.:0.1844   3rd Qu.:2.794   3rd Qu.:1.698  
##  Max.   :68827.50   Max.   :4.8414   Max.   :4.195   Max.   :1.851  
##  NA's   :3664       NA's   :1275     NA's   :539     NA's   :1246   
##  Canadian.Dollar  Chilean.Peso    Chinese.Yuan   Colombian.Peso  
##  Min.   :0.917   Min.   :377.5   Min.   :6.093   Min.   : 833.2  
##  1st Qu.:1.086   1st Qu.:503.5   1st Qu.:6.495   1st Qu.:1786.0  
##  Median :1.297   Median :538.6   Median :6.989   Median :2017.6  
##  Mean   :1.268   Mean   :561.8   Mean   :7.316   Mean   :2073.1  
##  3rd Qu.:1.409   3rd Qu.:619.8   3rd Qu.:8.277   3rd Qu.:2482.9  
##  Max.   :1.613   Max.   :758.2   Max.   :8.746   Max.   :3434.9  
##  NA's   :356     NA's   :1220    NA's   :1316    NA's   :582     
##   Czech.Koruna    Danish.Krone        Euro        Hungarian.Forint
##  Min.   :14.45   Min.   :4.665   Min.   :0.8252   Min.   :144.1   
##  1st Qu.:19.35   1st Qu.:5.612   1st Qu.:1.0889   1st Qu.:202.7   
##  Median :21.88   Median :6.051   Median :1.2295   Median :224.3   
##  Mean   :22.95   Mean   :6.281   Mean   :1.2076   Mean   :231.1   
##  3rd Qu.:24.94   3rd Qu.:6.805   3rd Qu.:1.3338   3rd Qu.:267.6   
##  Max.   :40.29   Max.   :9.006   Max.   :1.5990   Max.   :318.7   
##  NA's   :1850    NA's   :251     NA's   :1070     NA's   :1415    
##  Icelandic.Krona   Indian.Rupee   Indonesian.Rupiah  Iranian.Rial  
##  Min.   : 54.72   Min.   :31.37   Min.   : 2201     Min.   : 1699  
##  1st Qu.: 70.28   1st Qu.:42.82   1st Qu.: 8855     1st Qu.: 1755  
##  Median : 83.48   Median :45.92   Median : 9260     Median : 8992  
##  Mean   : 92.46   Mean   :48.02   Mean   : 9144     Mean   :10718  
##  3rd Qu.:117.15   3rd Qu.:52.33   3rd Qu.:11380     3rd Qu.:11180  
##  Max.   :147.98   Max.   :68.78   Max.   :14850     Max.   :42000  
##  NA's   :354      NA's   :429     NA's   :1492      NA's   :1312   
##  Israeli.New.Sheqel  Japanese.Yen    Kazakhstani.Tenge   Korean.Won  
##  Min.   :3.230      Min.   : 75.86   Min.   :117.2     Min.   : 756  
##  1st Qu.:3.676      1st Qu.:100.70   1st Qu.:145.4     1st Qu.:1013  
##  Median :3.882      Median :109.39   Median :150.3     Median :1122  
##  Mean   :4.003      Mean   :107.97   Mean   :185.6     Mean   :1100  
##  3rd Qu.:4.370      3rd Qu.:118.38   3rd Qu.:185.7     3rd Qu.:1186  
##  Max.   :4.994      Max.   :147.00   Max.   :383.9     Max.   :1965  
##  NA's   :1939       NA's   :316      NA's   :3051      NA's   :601   
##  Kuwaiti.Dinar     Libyan.Dinar   Malaysian.Ringgit Mauritian.Rupee
##  Min.   :0.2646   Min.   :0.525   Min.   :2.436     Min.   :25.15  
##  1st Qu.:0.2854   1st Qu.:0.662   1st Qu.:3.188     1st Qu.:29.12  
##  Median :0.2947   Median :1.932   Median :3.676     Median :30.67  
##  Mean   :0.2936   Mean   :1.510   Mean   :3.508     Mean   :31.03  
##  3rd Qu.:0.3027   3rd Qu.:1.932   3rd Qu.:3.800     3rd Qu.:32.89  
##  Max.   :0.3089   Max.   :1.932   Max.   :4.725     Max.   :36.50  
##  NA's   :1054     NA's   :123     NA's   :301       NA's   :2460   
##   Mexican.Peso    Nepalese.Rupee   New.Zealand.Dollar Norwegian.Krone
##  Min.   : 5.915   Min.   : 49.88   Min.   :0.3927     Min.   :4.959  
##  1st Qu.:10.953   1st Qu.: 68.33   1st Qu.:0.5813     1st Qu.:6.104  
##  Median :12.680   Median : 74.04   Median :0.6844     Median :6.709  
##  Mean   :13.116   Mean   : 77.37   Mean   :0.6606     Mean   :6.965  
##  3rd Qu.:13.668   3rd Qu.: 86.80   3rd Qu.:0.7364     3rd Qu.:7.806  
##  Max.   :21.908   Max.   :109.98   Max.   :0.8822     Max.   :9.606  
##  NA's   :2266     NA's   :479      NA's   :310        NA's   :291    
##    Nuevo.Sol     Pakistani.Rupee  Peso.Uruguayo   Philippine.Peso
##  Min.   :2.539   Min.   : 30.88   Min.   : 9.32   Min.   :24.55  
##  1st Qu.:2.755   1st Qu.: 51.79   1st Qu.:20.07   1st Qu.:43.18  
##  Median :2.819   Median : 60.75   Median :22.94   Median :44.40  
##  Mean   :2.960   Mean   : 70.24   Mean   :24.11   Mean   :45.01  
##  3rd Qu.:3.243   3rd Qu.: 94.29   3rd Qu.:28.44   3rd Qu.:47.10  
##  Max.   :3.522   Max.   :115.70   Max.   :32.53   Max.   :52.35  
##  NA's   :4297    NA's   :488      NA's   :4287    NA's   :4198   
##   Polish.Zloty    Qatar.Riyal     Rial.Omani     Russian.Ruble  
##  Min.   :2.022   Min.   :3.64   Min.   :0.3845   Min.   :23.13  
##  1st Qu.:3.033   1st Qu.:3.64   1st Qu.:0.3845   1st Qu.:28.27  
##  Median :3.290   Median :3.64   Median :0.3845   Median :30.54  
##  Mean   :3.365   Mean   :3.64   Mean   :0.3845   Mean   :36.91  
##  3rd Qu.:3.822   3rd Qu.:3.64   3rd Qu.:0.3845   3rd Qu.:36.20  
##  Max.   :4.500   Max.   :3.64   Max.   :0.3845   Max.   :83.59  
##  NA's   :1765    NA's   :47     NA's   :56       NA's   :2435   
##  Saudi.Arabian.Riyal Singapore.Dollar South.African.Rand Sri.Lanka.Rupee 
##  Min.   :3.745       Min.   :1.201    Min.   : 3.530     Min.   : 49.57  
##  1st Qu.:3.745       1st Qu.:1.361    1st Qu.: 6.213     1st Qu.: 77.54  
##  Median :3.750       Median :1.444    Median : 7.480     Median :103.99  
##  Mean   :3.749       Mean   :1.503    Mean   : 8.113     Mean   :102.19  
##  3rd Qu.:3.750       3rd Qu.:1.687    3rd Qu.: 9.995     3rd Qu.:126.29  
##  Max.   :3.750       Max.   :1.851    Max.   :16.771     Max.   :157.65  
##  NA's   :46          NA's   :259      NA's   :535        NA's   :509     
##  Swedish.Krona     Swiss.Franc       Thai.Baht     Trinidad.And.Tobago.Dollar
##  Min.   : 5.843   Min.   :0.7253   Min.   :24.44   Min.   :5.839             
##  1st Qu.: 6.838   1st Qu.:0.9777   1st Qu.:31.50   1st Qu.:6.260             
##  Median : 7.618   Median :1.1878   Median :34.65   Median :6.282             
##  Mean   : 7.741   Mean   :1.2090   Mean   :35.14   Mean   :6.310             
##  3rd Qu.: 8.384   3rd Qu.:1.3903   3rd Qu.:39.45   3rd Qu.:6.382             
##  Max.   :10.995   Max.   :1.8228   Max.   :56.06   Max.   :6.789             
##  NA's   :349      NA's   :239      NA's   :565     NA's   :657               
##  Tunisian.Dinar  U.A.E..Dirham   U.K..Pound.Sterling  U.S..Dollar
##  Min.   :1.342   Min.   :3.671   Min.   :1.213       Min.   :1   
##  1st Qu.:1.566   1st Qu.:3.672   1st Qu.:1.519       1st Qu.:1   
##  Median :1.723   Median :3.672   Median :1.599       Median :1   
##  Mean   :1.850   Mean   :3.672   Mean   :1.615       Mean   :1   
##  3rd Qu.:2.157   3rd Qu.:3.672   3rd Qu.:1.676       3rd Qu.:1   
##  Max.   :2.509   Max.   :3.675   Max.   :2.102       Max.   :1   
##  NA's   :4258    NA's   :71      NA's   :122

Analizy:

Interaktywny wykres zmiany liczby ludności w czasie:

World_Development_Indicators %>%
  group_by(Year) %>%
  summarise(`Country Name`, Year = 2000, `Urban population`) %>%
  arrange(`Urban population`, .by_group = T) %>%
  top_n(10)
  ggplot(aes(x = `Country Name`, y = `Urban population`)) +
  geom_col()
  
  ggplot(aes(x = `Country Name`, group = `Urban population`,fill=factor(`Urban population`)`)) +
  coord_flip() +
  geom_bar() +
  theme_minimal()

Samobójstwa na świecie kobiet i mężczyzn w latach 2000-2019:

suicides <- World_Development_Indicators %>%
  filter(`Country Name` == 'World') %>%
  select(Year, `Suicide mortality rate, female (per 100,000 female population)`, `Suicide mortality rate, male (per 100,000 male population)`) %>%
  filter(!is.na(`Suicide mortality rate, female (per 100,000 female population)`))

suicides.male <- suicides %>%
  select(Year, `Suicide mortality rate, male (per 100,000 male population)`) %>%
  rename(`Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 of given gender population)` = `Suicide mortality rate, male (per 100,000 male population)`) %>%
  mutate(gender = 'male')

suicides.female <- suicides %>%
  select(Year, `Suicide mortality rate, female (per 100,000 female population)`) %>%
  rename(`Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 of given gender population)` = `Suicide mortality rate, female (per 100,000 female population)`) %>%
  mutate(gender = 'female')

suicides.per.gender <- rbind.data.frame(suicides.male, suicides.female)

suicides.per.gender %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = Year, y = `Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 of given gender population)`)) +
  geom_line(aes(colour = gender), size = 1) +
  geom_point(colour = 'royalblue', size = 2) +
  expand_limits(y = 0) +
  ggtitle('Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 of given gender population)') +
  ylab('') +
  theme_bw() -> p
  ggplotly(p)

Wniosek: Liczba samobójstw jest w trendzie spadkowym, zdrowie psychiczne ludzkości się polepsza.